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Exercising for Weight Loss (Sex Health Guru)

Running at the fitness club

Exercising for Weight Loss (Sex Health Guru)

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Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health. It is performed for many different reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system, and helps prevent the “diseases of affluence” such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity. It also improves mental health and helps prevent depression. Childhood obesity is a growing global concern and physical exercise may help decrease the effects of childhood obesity in developed countries.

Types of exercise

Exercises are generally grouped into three types depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:

Flexibility exercises, such as stretching, improve the range of motion of muscles and joints.

Aerobic exercises, such as cycling, swimming, walking, rowing, running, hiking or playing tennis, focus on increasing cardiovascular endurance.

Anaerobic exercises, such as weight training, functional training or sprinting, increase short-term muscle strength.

Categories of physical exercise

Aerobic exercise

Anaerobic exercise

Strength training

Agility training

Sometimes the terms ‘dynamic’ and ‘static’ are used. ‘Dynamic’ exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the systolic pressure to rise significantly (during the exercise).

Exercise benefits

thumb|right|200px|A common [[elliptical trainer|elliptical training machine.]] Physical exercise is important for maintaining physical fitness and can contribute positively to maintaining a healthy weight, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system.

Exercise also reduces levels of cortisol, thereby benefiting health. Cortisol is a stress hormone that builds fat in the abdominal region, making weight loss difficult. Cortisol causes many health problems, both physical and mental.

Frequent and regular aerobic exercise has been shown to help prevent or treat serious and life-threatening chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, insomnia, and depression. Strength training appears to have continuous energy-burning effects that persist for about 24 hours after the training, though they do not offer the same cardiovascular benefits as aerobic exercises do.

Effect on the immune system

Although there have been hundreds of studies on exercise and the immune system, there is little direct evidence on its connection to illness. Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate exercise appears to have a beneficial effect on the human immune system while extreme exercise appears to impair it, an effect which is modeled in a J curve. Moderate exercise has been associated with a 29% decreased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of an infection, although another study did not find the effect. Immune cell functions are impaired following acute sessions of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at a higher risk for infections. The immune systems of athletes anf nonathletes are generally similar. Athletes may have slightly elevated NK cell count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant.

Supplementation with the antioxidants vitamin C and E has been found to decrease the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which would be expected to decrease the depression of the immune system. Further, vitamin C supplementation has been associated with lower URTIs in marathon runners. However, the decreased release of IL-6 limits the anti-inflammatory effect of exercse and could limit the positive adaptation effects of exercise.

Biomarkers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, which are associated with chronic diseases, are reduced in active individuals relative to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. The depression in the immune system following acute bouts of exercise may be one of the mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory effect.

Breathing

Active exhalation during physical exercise helps the body to increase its maximum lung capacity. This results in greater efficiency, since the heart has to do less work to oxygenate the muscles, and there is also increased muscular efficiency through greater blood flow. Consciously breathing deeply during aerobic exercise helps this development of the heart and lungs.

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Arena weight-loss data expected to underwhelm

Beauty With Apple

Arena weight-loss data expected to underwhelm

Upcoming trial results for lorcaserin, the experimental obesity drug being developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc, will likely show it is about 4 percentage points more effective in promoting weight loss than a dummy pill

But that is well short of the 9.4 percent placebo-adjusted weight loss reported last week by Vivus Inc, which is developing Qnexa — a combination of phentermine and epilepsy treatment topiramate, both now sold as generics, that is designed to minimize side effects from the two drugs.

But Wall Street is not discounting the value of a viable treatment for obesity, a health-damaging condition afflicting more than one-quarter of all Americans. “Right now physicians have pretty much nothing,” said JMP Securities analyst Jason Butler.

Piper Jaffray has forecast lorcaserin sales of $3 billion in 2015.

One-year results from Vivus’ Qnexa trials sent the company’s stock up more than 70 percent on Wednesday.

“There is a lot less opportunity for that to happen with this (Arena) trial,” Butler said. “We’ve seen so much data already.”

Shares of Arena, which ended Nasdaq trading at $5.30 on Friday, closed as low as $2.26 in April and as high as $7.42 in February.

The phentermine used in Vivus’ Qnexa is a stimulant that was part of the fen-phen diet drug cocktail. Other drugs used in the cocktail, flenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, were recalled in 1997 after they were linked to heart valve damage.

SIDESTEPS HEART PROBLEMS

Lorcaserin is a serotonin activator like fenfluramine, but it is designed to selectively target only one variety of the chemical — and thereby sidestep heart-related side effects.

Earlier studies have found no heart problems associated with the drug. “There is no reason to expect anything different safety-wise,” from the new trial results expected this month, said Carol Werther, an analyst at Summer Street Research.

The company earlier this year said a large, year-long trial found that lorcaserin patients, on average, lost 5.8 percent of their body weight, while placebo patients lost 2.2 percent of their weight — a percentage point difference of 3.6 percent.

“No single agent has consistently shown a 5 percentage point difference,” said Werther.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for obesity drugs require a 5 percent improvement in weight loss between the test drug and placebo or that the number of subjects who lose at least 5 percent of their body weight be at least 35 percent, and double the proportion in the placebo group, with a statistically significant difference between the groups.

The earlier lorcaserin trial found that 48 percent of patients on the drug lost 5 percent or more of their weight, while 20.3 percent of placebo patients achieved that goal

Dominic Behan, chief scientific officer and co-founder of Arena, said a major advantage of lorcaserin is that it is a single agent, and that doctors do not need to adjust doses for patients.

Moreover, he said lorcaserin improved cholesterol levels in patients. And data from earlier trials suggest it can be safely taken on a chronic basis, Behan said. By contrast, he said phentermine is currently approved only for short-term use.

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Thin thighs – maybe not your heart’s desire

tanned-bikini-body

Thin thighs – maybe not your heart’s desire

People who have agonized over their fat thighs might be able to relax a bit — Danish doctors said on Thursday they found patients with the thinnest thighs died sooner than the more endowed.

Obesity, age, smoking and other factors did not reduce the effect, the researchers reported in the British Medical Journal.

“Our results suggest that there might be an increased risk of premature death related to thigh size,” Berit Heitmann of Copenhagen University Hospital and Peder Frederiksen of Glostrup University Hospital wrote.

The explanation may lie in many different studies that suggest where you gain your weight is a strong factor in how it affects health. People with lots of abdominal fat — wrapped in and around the internal organs — appear to be at higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other ills.

So-called pear-shaped people may have lower risks, even if they have more body fat overall.

Heitmann and Frederiksen studied 1,436 men and 1,380 women taking part in a larger medical research study who were examined in 1987 and 1988, then watched them for more than 12 years.

Men and women whose thighs were less than 24 inches in circumference were more likely to die during those 12 years, they found.

Those with the thinnest thighs — less than 18 inches — were more than twice likely to have died within 12 years, they reported in the study, published here

Dozens of studies have shown waist size can also be a good predictor of heart disease and death.

Women with a waist circumference of greater than 35 inches and men whose waists are more than 40 inches have a much higher risk of heart disease, diabetes and early death than people with smaller waists — regardless of how much body fat they have overall.

This is again linked to abdominal fat. Fat laid down under the skin, as when it is found on the legs, may be healthier for the body, although the mechanism is unclear.

The Danish team said they hoped thigh measurements might be an equally good indicator. But Dr. Ian Scott of Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, disagreed, saying the statistics in the Danish study were too limited.

He said larger studies would need to be done before doctors could decide that thigh measurement was any kind of good predictor of health.

“It seems unlikely that thigh circumference will be clinically useful,” Scott wrote in a commentary.

Tim Olds, a professor of Health Sciences at the University of South Australia, saw some value in the study, however.

“This is a very interesting line of research, because it would suggest that interventions which protect or increase muscle mass (such as weight training) may be effective in reducing cardiovascular disease even if no loss of body fat occurs,” Olds said in a statement.

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