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Tips to growing long healthy hair

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Tips to growing long healthy hair

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Just a few tips I learned over time to growing beautiful long HEALTHY hair.

Hair is a protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the dermis. The fine, soft hair found on many nonhuman mammals is typically called fur; wool is the characteristically curly hair found on sheep and goats. Found exclusively in mammals, hair is one of the defining characteristics of the mammalian class.

Although other non-mammals, especially insects, show filamentous outgrowths, these are not considered “hair” in the scientific sense. So-called “hairs” (trichomes) are also found on plants. The projections on arthropods such as insects and spiders are actually insect bristles, composed of a polysaccharide called chitin.

There are varieties of cats, dogs, and mice bred to have little or no visible fur. In some species, hair is absent at certain stages of life. The main component of hair fiber is keratin.

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Living robots powered by muscle

The robot is a dramatic example of the marriage of biotechnology with nanotechnology

Tiny robots powered by living muscle have been created by scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles.

The devices were formed by “growing” rat cells on microscopic silicon chips, the researchers report in the journal Nature Materials.

Less than a millimetre long, the miniscule robots can move themselves without any external source of power.

The work is a dramatic example of the marriage of biotechnology with the tiny world of nanotechnology.

In nanotechnology, researchers often turn to the natural world for inspiration.

But Professor Carlo Montemagno, of the University of California, Los Angeles, turns to nature not for ideas, but for actual starting materials.

In the past he has made rotary nano-motors out of genetically engineered proteins. Now he has grown muscle tissue onto tiny robotic skeletons.

Living device

Montemano’s team used rat heart cells to create a tiny device that moves on its own when the cells contract. A second device looks like a minute pair of frog legs.

“The bones that we’re using are either a plastic or they’re silicon based,” he said. “So we make these really fine structures that mechanically have hinges that allow them to move and bend.

“And then by nano-scale manipulation of the surface chemistry, the muscle cells get the cues to say, ‘Oh! I want to attach at this point and not to attach at another point’. And so the cells assemble, then they undergo a change, so that they actually form a muscle.

“Now you have a device that has a skeleton and muscles on it to allow it to move.”

Under a microscope, you can see the tiny, two-footed “bio-bots” crawl around.

Professor Montemagno says muscles like these could be used in a host of microscopic devices – even to drive miniature electrical generators to power computer chips.

But when biological cells become attached to silicon – are they alive?

“They’re absolutely alive,” Professor Montemagno told BBC News. “I mean the cells actually grow, multiply and assemble – they form the structure themselves. So the device is alive.”

The notion is likely to disturb many who already have concerns about nanotechnology.

But for Carlo Montemagno, a professor of engineering, it makes sense to match the solutions that nature has already found through billions of years of evolution to the newest challenges in technology.

Lengthy international travel tied to health problems

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Lengthy international travel tied to health problems

Travel extending beyond 6 months is associated with health risks not usually encountered among short-term travelers, new data indicate.

Issues of most concern for long-term travelers are psychological problems and diseases caused by parasites.

“Few studies have compared the types and causes of illness in travelers on the basis of duration of travel,” Dr. Lin H. Chen, from the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and members of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network note the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Their study used data from ill travelers who visited GeoSentinel sites — clinics on 6 continents that specialize in travel medicine – from 1996 through 2008. Included in the analysis were 4039 persons who traveled for more than 6 months and for 24,807 who traveled for less than 1 month.

Long-term travelers were significantly more likely than short-term travelers to have a variety of ailments including persistent fatigue, chronic diarrhea, malaria and post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.

They were also much more likely to come down with leishmaniasis, a disease caused by a parasite transmitted by a tiny sandfly that can lead to severe scarring, and the parasitic worm disease schistosomiasis.

“Many common infections seen in long-term travelers are preventable by vaccines, vector avoidance, food/water precautions, and avoidance of soil and fresh water,” the researchers note.

Psychological diagnoses that were significantly more common in long-term travelers included depression, stress, and fatigue.

“The increased number of missionary/volunteer/research/aid workers with stress was most significant,” the investigators report.

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