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Healthy habits prevent breast cancer: study

breast-cancer

Healthy habits prevent breast cancer: study

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the breast, usually in the inner lining of the milk ducts or lobules. There are different types of breast cancer, with different stages (spread), aggressiveness, and genetic makeup. With best treatment, 10-year disease-free survival varies from 98% to 10%. Treatment includes surgery, drugs (hormone therapy and chemotherapy), and radiation.

Nearly 40 percent of all breast cancer cases in the United States could be prevented if women kept a healthy weight, drank less alcohol, exercised more and breastfed their babies, according to a report published on Tuesday.

The report, which reviewed 81 new studies on the links between lifestyle and cancer, showed that 70,000 breast cancer cases could be prevented in the United States alone every year.

“We are now more certain than ever that by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active and limiting the amount of alcohol they drink, women can dramatically reduce their risk,” Dr. Martin Wiseman of the American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, who led the study, said in a statement.

“We estimate that almost 40 per cent of breast cancer cases in the United States, or about 70,000 cases every year, could be prevented by making these straightforward everyday changes,” added the AICR’s Susan Higginbotham.

Breast cancer kills 400,000 women and a few men globally every year, and 40,000 in the United States alone.

Many studies have shown a low-fat diet, regular exercise, keeping a lean weight and breastfeeding babies can prevent breast cancer. However, a significant percentage of cases are caused by faulty genes and not linked to lifestyle.

Signs and symptoms

The first symptom, or subjective sign, of breast cancer is typically a lump that feels different from the surrounding breast tissue. According to the The Merck Manual, more than 80% of breast cancer cases are discovered when the woman feels a lump. According to the American Cancer Society, the first medical sign, or objective indication of breast cancer as detected by a physician, is discovered by mammogram. Lumps found in lymph nodes located in the armpits can also indicate breast cancer.

Indications of breast cancer other than a lump may include changes in breast size or shape, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple discharge. Pain (“mastodynia”) is an unreliable tool in determining the presence or absence of breast cancer, but may be indicative of other breast health issues.

When breast cancer cells invade the dermal lymphatics—small lymph vessels in the skin of the breast—its presentation can resemble skin inflammation and thus is known as inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include pain, swelling, warmth and redness throughout the breast, as well as an orange-peel texture to the skin referred to as peau d’orange.

Another reported symptom complex of breast cancer is Paget’s disease of the breast. This syndrome presents as eczematoid skin changes such as redness and mild flaking of the nipple skin. As Paget’s advances, symptoms may include tingling, itching, increased sensitivity, burning, and pain. There may also be discharg

Occasionally, breast cancer presents as metastatic disease, that is, cancer that has spread beyond the original organ. Metastatic breast cancer will cause symptoms that depend on the location of metastasis. Common sites of metastasis include bone, liver, lung and brain.Unexplained weight loss can occasionally herald an occult breast cancer, as can symptoms of fevers or chills. Bone or joint pains can sometimes be manifestations of metastatic breast cancer, as can jaundice or neurological symptoms. These symptoms are “non-specific”, meaning they can also be manifestations of many other illnesses.

Most symptoms of breast disorder do not turn out to represent underlying breast cancer. Benign breast diseases such as mastitis and fibroadenoma of the breast are more common causes of breast disorder symptoms. The appearance of a new symptom should be taken seriously by both patients and their doctors, because of the possibility of an underlying breast cancer at almost any age.

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Breast defence

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Breast defence

Some women have specific genetic problems but those breast cancers number less than 10% of all. One expert recently told me that breast cancer causes are “multifactorial” and that the combination of lifestyle factors and genetic vulnerabilities that accounts for the abnormal growth of cells is still being figured out.

That means that most of the 22,700 Canadian women (and 180 men) expected to be diagnosed this year won’t even know what caused their illness. Neither will the 5,400 women who die from it. Sometimes we forget just how many different factors may contribute to breast cancer’s development. Here’s what’s known:

ESTROGEN

The more estrogen a woman makes over time or takes through post-menopausal combined hormone replacement therapy, the higher her risk for getting breast cancer. The more years a woman menstruates, the longer breast tissue is estrogen-exposed. Birth control pills only slightly increase risk.

AGE

The chance of getting breast cancer increases as a woman ages. According to Dr. Love, from 20 to 30 the risk is one in 2,000; from 40 to 49 the risk is one in 68; from 60 to 69 the risk is one in 26. After the age of 70, a woman has a one-in-eight chance of getting breast cancer.

ALCOHOL

The risk of breast cancer jumped by 30% in women who drank more than three drinks daily.

FAMILY HISTORY

Having a mother, sister or daughter with breast cancer almost doubles a woman’s risk, particularly if the relative was diagnosed before age 50. A family history of ovarian cancer also increases the risk of developing breast cancer.

RADIATION

Radiation therapy for a previous cancer heightens the risk of breast cancer. The risk is highest if there was chest radiation during puberty.

OBESITY

Post-menopausal women who are obese are more at risk; fat cells play a role in estrogen production so being overweight adds to risky estrogen exposure.

GENETIC MUTATIONS

Those who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher risk (some up to 90%) of getting the disease, and possibly at a younger age. Many other genes are also associated with breast cancer, including the HER-2/neu oncogene.

ENVIRONMENT

We’re exposed to vast amounts of hormone-mimicking and cell-interrupting chemicals in products we use and through environmental pollutants, some of which increases the risk of breast cancer.

BREAST DENSITY

Dense breast tissue, as shown on a mammogram, increases your risk. One study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that the relative risk of developing breast cancer in post-menopausal women with dense breasts was 400% higher than in women with fatty non-dense breasts.

BREAST DISEASE

Some diseases, including hyperplasia, can increase breast cancer risk by up to four-fold.

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