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Antioxidants may raise diabetes risk: study

antioxidants

Antioxidants may raise diabetes risk: study

Instead of protecting against diabetes, antioxidants — compounds in foods and supplements that prevent cell damage — may actually increase the chances of getting diabetes, at least in the early stages, Australian researchers reported on Tuesday.

“In the case of early type 2 diabetes … our studies suggest that antioxidants would be bad for you,” Tony Tiganis of Monash University in Australia, whose study appears in the journal Cell Metabolism, said in a statement.

Antioxidants are protective proteins that can prevent cell damage caused by charged particles known as reactive oxygen species. This oxidative stress is thought to add to the progression of several diseases, including type 2 diabetes.

Because antioxidants fight oxidative stress, they have become a popular food supplement. But Tiganis said the picture appears to be a bit more complicated.

“We think there is a delicate balance, and that too much of a good thing — surprise, surprise — might be bad,” he said.

Tiganis’ team studied the effects of oxidative stress in mice fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. One group of mice lacked an enzyme known as Gpxl, which helps counter oxidative stress.

They found mice that lacked the enzyme were less likely to develop insulin resistance — an early sign of diabetes — than normal mice. But when they treated the enzyme-deficient mice with an antioxidant, “they lost this advantage and become more ‘diabetic,” Tiganis said in an e-mail.

He said oxidative stress may be working not to damage the body but to inhibit enzymes that hurt the body’s ability to use insulin early on in the development of diabetes, and that antioxidants remove this protective mechanism.

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Vaccine raises hope for cocaine addiction therapy

in.reuters.com

Vaccine raises hope for cocaine addiction therapy

A vaccine helped block the high felt by cocaine users in 38 percent of people who took it, U.S. researchers said on Monday, offering promise of a new approach to treating those addicted to the drug.

The aim is to prevent cocaine’s rewarding effects — the high — in order to reduce cravings that trigger drug relapses.

“The concept works,” Dr. Thomas Kosten of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, whose study appears in the Archives of General Psychiatry, said in a statement.

Cocaine molecules on their own are too small to draw the attention of the immune system. To get the body to recognize cocaine, the researchers designed a vaccine that uses a harmless version of the cholera toxin with a few attached cocaine molecules.

When the immune system reacts to the toxin, it makes both cholera and cocaine antibodies.

“These antibodies bind to the cocaine, preventing it from leaving the bloodstream,” Kosten said. An enzyme called cholinesterase breaks down the cocaine and flushes it out of the body.

For the study, Kosten and colleagues studied 94 volunteers — mostly users of crack cocaine, which is a solid, smokable form of the drug — who were on methadone treatment at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System.

Over three months, the participants either got five shots of the vaccine or a placebo injection.

STUDY PLANS

Plans are under way to study the vaccine in many sites.

According to a 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 35.9 million Americans aged 12 and older reported having used cocaine, and 8.6 million reported having used crack. In 2006, cocaine accounted for about 14 percent of all admissions to drug abuse treatment programs.

Kosten said he plans to tinker with the vaccine to make it more effective. He has already tried a different carrier — a modified version of a meningitis bacterium — supplied by drug firm Merck & Co.

Animal studies showed it produced five times the antibody response as the cholera carrier.

He has used a similar approach on a nicotine vaccine called TA-NIC now being tested in Europe. Both the cocaine and nicotine vaccines are being developed through private equity firm Celtic Pharma.

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Scientists develop antidote for new class of drugs

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Scientists develop antidote for new class of drugs

A new compound can quickly counteract the action of an emerging class of drugs, offering a way to reverse the drugs’ actions if a patient develops serious side effects, U.S. researchers said on Sunday.

They designed the compound to work with a new blood-thinner being developed for heart patients undergoing angioplasty to clear out blocked arteries.

Such patients need to take blood thinners to prevent blood clots during surgery, but bleeding is a common side effect.

Having an antidote on hand would make the treatments safer, said Bruce Sullenger of Duke University Medical Center, whose study was published in the journal Nature Medicine.

But instead of just reversing the effects of the blood thinner, the antidote agent appears to work against a whole new class of drugs called aptamers.

“Most drugs target proteins. The type of drugs we’re talking about are ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that target proteins,” Sullenger said in a telephone interview.

“Normally in our body we don’t have these types of molecules outside of cells,” Sullenger said.

The antidote agent takes advantage of this, targeting only nucleic acid compounds circulating freely outside the cells.

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